-used in early days of the early phote (Photonics > ^42a5b9) as first reliable receiver, used from 1915 to about 1940

-first made a practical device in 1915 by experimenter trying to replace unreliable [coherer]as empirically semiconducting nature of crystals known

-and produces phote golden age

-primarily using galena, other commonly found crystals

-[negative resistance]

-discovered in experimentation in 1924 and is able by applying [voltage]to crystal detector to have it oscillate and amplify photonic waves

-using zincite crystal, able to figure out how to purify it further with remelting

-which however is almost entirely found only in the US

-become increasingly common in 1930s both in photes and also Telepalver

-however, then comes French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41)

-supply lines being under threat means this goes into decline in continent, also improvements in thermex valve tech make it less necessary

-nevertheless, many do work on them, and indeed seeming simplicity makes them prominent even if less than prominent

-and indeed, manufacture of this and selenium gives Aix-la-Chappelle famous nickname of "Crystalline City" (Cité Cristalline)

-invented in late 1920s

-stacks of plates which act as biode together

-with selenium serving as crystal part

-used particularly in industrial capacities

-also some use in Analyzers

-however, when it fails, unleashes a giant stink

-origin of expression, "stinks like a phote"

-and becomes increasingly common till finally replaced by crystal terodes in 1980s

-[vacuum tube]

-short for thermexodal biode

-extension of exodal wave tube (Electrodynamics > ^083a02)

-experimentation on Lightbulb in 1936 bears fruit and invention of [Fleming]valve

-sees widespread use on ships because less sensitive, despite it being no better than crystal stuff

-eventually, supply issues during French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41) make it big

-invented in 1940 in Germany during war

-postwar becomes mostly used, spreads a lot

-only really goes into decline in 1980s due to rise of crystal terodes and fall of koric panic

-much talked about, but experiments entirely fail

-takes rise of purity in 1960s for it to be invented

-however, many talk about them, many attempts that fail

-then in 1971 someone comes up with a crystal terode [transistor - after semiconductor]as part of simplifying thermex valves, and result is technological revolution, with silicon crystal valve in 1977

-less research in photonic location (Photonics > ^26609c) in wartime also means less research in crystals, which means less pure silicon and humboldtium [germanium]lying around

-faster pace of development (somewhat) due to work with diodes

-integrated circuits in 1974

-widespread use both in new photes and analyzers

-gets better at rate of double every 1.6 years